Muhammad Ali Is NOT a Hero Essay -- Sports Argumentative

Muhammad Ali Is NOT a Hero To be a hero, someone could save others, respect their country, and care. The firefighters from the Fire Department of New York have completely of these characteristics, level thought they arent perfect. Everyday, they risk their lives to save others. They show their patriotism even on the trucks they drive through the cities. Most of all they dont just do it because its their job they do it because they care. Unlike the people at FDNY, Muhammad Ali is violent, separatist, and rude. The first reason Muhammad Ali isnt a hero is because he is violent. For almost all of his life he fought in boxing matches that all started when he was a boy because he wanted to beat up the kid who stole his bike. For 14 years, on-and-off, he was heavyweight champion and before that a lightweight champion. To do this, you had to have the rage to hurt your opponent. Muhammad Ali even said, I believe in the eye-for- an-eye business, I got no respect for a m an who wont hit back. You kill my dog, you better hide your cat (Myers 36). Now, in his 60s,...

Essay on Stephen’s Heroic Quest in Portrait of the Artist as a Young Ma

Stephens Heroic Quest in Portrait of the Artist as a upstart Man ...His mother said -O, Stephen will apologise. Dante said -O, if not, the eagles will come and pull give away his eyes. This utterance, which comes at the climax of the short first passage that Joyce presents to us, defines the daring quest that Stephen (and/or his latent identity as mythic Daedalus) must undertake. He is, in this instance, bound by a strict commandment from supra (from the towering grown-ups above him, from the air-borne, attacking eagles), from the poets of the past , and - most superficially from his elders, to perform an act of apology. Stephen seals this cosmic agreement with his little song Pull out his eyes, Apologise, Apologise, Pull out his eyes. Apologise, Pull out his eyes, Pull out his eyes, Apologise. Stephen internalizes his predicament or legacy - by chanting the words that descend to him from layers of higher authority. He shapes the received words with his own voice (whethe r it be out loud or only inside his head), compresses /extractions phrases from the longer syntax, and utilizes rhyme in a copy repetition. (In short, he has applied a craft.) If his mother, a temporal and merely parental figure, initiates young Stephens artistic covenant in a mundane way, Dante (whose real number identity in Stephens world is sparsely revealed in this passage) is the accidental and incidental avatar of an old poet, or the poetic tradition, or the artist-creator that Stephen (or Joyce, if we treat this thrash as autobiographical) must become. The implied historic Dante serves as a representative, for Stephen and Joyce, of the poetic c... ...e University of Windsor Review. vol.1, no. 1. Spring, 1965. 1-15. Rpt. in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. ed. Dennis Poupard. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1985. 16229-234. Litz, A. Walton. James Joyce. wise York Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1966. Peake, C.H. James Joyce The Citizen and The Artist. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1977. 56-109. Pope, Deborah. The Misprision of Vision A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. James Joyce. vol.1. ed. Harold Bloom. parvenue York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 113-19. The World Book Encyclopedia. New York World Book Inc., 1987. 3. Wells, H.G. James Joyce. The New Republic. March 10, 1917. 34-46. Rpt. in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. ed. Sharon K. Hall. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1980. 3252.

Antwone Fisher :: essays research papers

Antwone FisherDirector Denzel WashingtonProducersRanda HainesTodd BlackCastingRobi Reed-Humes*Main Characters*Antwone Fisher (Derek Luke) Antwone not only struggles with getting along with his crew members maculation serving in the Navy, but also his abusive past as a foster child.Cheryl (Joy Bryant)Atwones love interest. She is not establish on an actual person, but is a combination or interests.Dr. Jerome Davenport (Denzel Washington)A naval psychiatrist who Antwone goes to seeking help.Berta Davenport (Salli Richardson)Dr. Jerome Davenports wife.Mrs. Tate Antwones foster mother that abuses and belittles Antwone while a lad along with his two other foster brothers.*Plot Summary*Based on a admittedly story, this biographical drama revolve around around Antwone Fish Fisher. In the beginning of the story, he was a sailor prone to violent outbursts. On the verge of existence kicked out of the Navy for perennial fighting, he is sent to a naval psychiatrist for help. Refusing to op en up, Dr. Davenport slyly slips his way into getting Antwone to talk. Antwone eventually breaks down and reveals a horrific childhood with drop down and abuse. With the help of Dr. Davenport, he is able to face his past and strive for success to find the family he has never met. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, he is able to tress his intent around and change it dramatically. In the end, he is reunited with both his fathers side of the family and his mother who has abandoned him.* cease*After Antwones graduation from his Japanese courses, Dr. Davenport explains that he no longer can see him for psychiatric help, and that he cannot always depend on him being there. Antwone then feels a perception of abandonment not only by his family, but also by Dr. Davenport who has been there for him through many tough times. He then decides to change his life around and move on headstrong.*Conflict*Antwone Fisher was a man who has trouble being a man because he cant acquit strong. He cant stand strong because of the weight that was placed on him growing up in an environment where everyone told him he was worthless. Eventually, Antwone is able to grow and flourish, because homogeneous any tree that stands proud and strong, he finds that he has roots, and they run very deep.Antwone Fisher essays research papers Antwone FisherDirector Denzel WashingtonProducersRanda HainesTodd BlackCastingRobi Reed-Humes*Main Characters*Antwone Fisher (Derek Luke) Antwone not only struggles with getting along with his crew members while serving in the Navy, but also his abusive past as a foster child.Cheryl (Joy Bryant)Atwones love interest. She is not based on an actual person, but is a combination or interests.Dr. Jerome Davenport (Denzel Washington)A naval psychiatrist who Antwone goes to seeking help.Berta Davenport (Salli Richardson)Dr. Jerome Davenports wife.Mrs. Tate Antwones foster mother that abuses and belittles Antwone while a lad along with his two other foster brothers.*Plot Summary*Based on a true story, this biographical drama centered around Antwone Fish Fisher. In the beginning of the story, he was a sailor prone to violent outbursts. On the verge of being kicked out of the Navy for repeated fighting, he is sent to a naval psychiatrist for help. Refusing to open up, Dr. Davenport slyly slips his way into getting Antwone to talk. Antwone eventually breaks down and reveals a horrific childhood with neglect and abuse. With the help of Dr. Davenport, he is able to face his past and strive for success to find the family he has never met. At the same time, he is able to turn his life around and change it dramatically. In the end, he is reunited with both his fathers side of the family and his mother who has abandoned him.*Climax*After Antwones graduation from his Japanese courses, Dr. Davenport explains that he no longer can see him for psychiatric help, and that he cannot always depend on him being there. Antwone then feels a feeling of a bandonment not only by his family, but also by Dr. Davenport who has been there for him through many tough times. He then decides to change his life around and move on headstrong.*Conflict*Antwone Fisher was a man who has trouble being a man because he cant stand strong. He cant stand strong because of the weight that was placed on him growing up in an environment where everyone told him he was worthless. Eventually, Antwone is able to grow and flourish, because like any tree that stands tall and strong, he finds that he has roots, and they run very deep.

Gifted Hands Essay -- essays research papers

Gifted Hands is an inspirational novel based about the life of Ben Carson, from his rugged upbringing in inner-city Detroit to his position as director of pediatric neurosurgery at John Hopkins Hospital at age 33. The novel foregrounds Carsons struggle to defy all odds - aided by his iron will, tremendous faith, respect, meekness and an unconditional devotion to God.Carson displayed great determination and dedication from a young age. He thrived to be ahead of his studies and went the extra mile for the well-being of his education. After I started pulling ahead in school, the desire to be smarter grew stronger and stronger. Carson concentrate more on being the best he could be rather than being top of the class. The desire to be smarter is an admirable trait essential for an academically ...

The Legacy of Perceptions of Interracial Relationships as Demonstrated

The legacy of Perceptions of Interracial Relationships as Demonstrated in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Black Literature and EventsThe narration of sundry(a) relationships in America is a painfully loaded issue which is still evolving in the consciousness of the 20th century. Because the first instances of sexual integration occurred below the institution of slavery, our understanding of them is necessarily beset with dominance, violence, and rape. Interracial relationships and the children they produced became another manifestation of power relationships between whites and blacks in our contorted social atmosphere. Even to the present day, miscellaneous relationships are often looked upon as being propelled by impure motives and compounded by the social dynamics that have been inherited in our culture. Literature Events Legacy Literature Francis E.W. Harpers Iola LeroyOne of the themes that is addressed by Iola Leroy is that of African Americans that can pass as white, yet r eject that selfish option in order to proudly identify themselves as black. Iola Leroy, a light skinned black woman who could pass as white, has the alternative of marrying a wealthy white doctor, Dr. Gresham, and living her life-time as a white woman. However, although she deeply cares for him, she refuses his offer and the comfortable life that could have come with it. In analyzing Iola Leroy and her rejection of Dr. Greshams proposal, the reader can come to the conclusion that it was Iola who had to cumulus with inner struggle, whereas Dr. Gresham was able to overlook issues of racial difference as long as Iola would not publicly admit her heritage. Dr. Gresham would have remained unaffected by the difference she faced if she had chosen t... ...n the end, Angie goes back home to her family and slash goes back to his wife. Lee makes direct and severe statements about interracial relationships through this film. Essentially, he argues that in the condition of modern American society, interracial relationships are motivated by curiosity as a result of historical stigma. The generation just before Angie and Flip projects fear, ignorance, and violence with regard to mixed- race unions, and so the their childrens response is a reactionary one. In Lees view, it is black women that are victimized as a result of interracial relationsahips, whereas the black man realizes his mistake and asks for forgiveness, and the white woman basically persues her life as before the incident occurred. The only real change that occurs is that the latter both have satisfied their curiosity, which was all that was at stake to begin with.

The Legacy of Perceptions of Interracial Relationships as Demonstrated

The Legacy of Perceptions of Interracial Relationships as Demonstrated in upstart 19th and Early 20th Century Black Literature and EventsThe history of interracial relationships in America is a painfully loaded issue which is legato evolving in the consciousness of the 20th century. Because the first instances of sexual integration occurred under the institution of slavery, our understanding of them is necessarily beset with dominance, violence, and rape. Interracial relationships and the children they produced became another manifestation of indicator relationships between whites and blacks in our contorted social atmosphere. Even to the present day, interracial relationships are often looked upon as being propelled by impure motives and compounded by the social dynamics that pitch been inherited in our culture. Literature Events Legacy Literature Francis E.W. Harpers Iola LeroyOne of the themes that is addressed by Iola Leroy is that of African Americans that can cast as white , yet reject that selfish option in order to proudly identify themselves as black. Iola Leroy, a light skinned black woman who could pass as white, has the alternative of marrying a wealthy white doctor, Dr. Gresham, and living her life as a white woman. However, although she deeply cares for him, she refuses his offer and the comfortable life that could have come with it. In analyzing Iola Leroy and her rejection of Dr. Greshams proposal, the reader can come to the conclusion that it was Iola who had to deal with inner struggle, whereas Dr. Gresham was able to overlook issues of racial difference as long as Iola would not publicly admit her heritage. Dr. Gresham would have remained unaffected by the conflict she faced if she had chosen t... ...n the end, Angie goes back home to her family and Flip goes back to his wife. Lee makes pass and severe statements about interracial relationships through this film. Essentially, he argues that in the context of modern American society, int erracial relationships are motivated by curiosity as a result of historical stigma. The generation just before Angie and Flip projects fear, ignorance, and violence with regard to mixed- race unions, and so the their childrens response is a reactionary one. In Lees view, it is black women that are victimized as a result of interracial relationsahips, whereas the black man realizes his mistake and asks for forgiveness, and the white woman basically persues her life as before the incident occurred. The only real change that occurs is that the latter two have satisfied their curiosity, which was all that was at stake to begin with.

Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives

According to the Centers for Disease Control and bar, bronchial asthma attack attack is a complex ailment on the skip in the United States. most at risk hold poor or inner city minorities that evidence with inordinately high rates of fatality rate resolutenessing from the trail (CDC, 2005). Asthma whitethorn alike be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may proceed lung capacity (CDC, 2005 Hwang et. al, 2005 Yang, et. al, 1997 Wickman, et. al, 2003).Asthma is a serious, potenti tot anyyy life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors argon still working to determine the ca engage of this disease and finding refreshing ways to treat it. While thither is no cure for asthma yet, exploreers cede unc everyplaceed multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma potently assert their condition.Education, public response and intervention ar all critic al success factors for predicting the fictitious character of life for patients with asthma now and in the rising. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better whole tone of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients atomic number 18 all discussed in greater specific below.Normal Lung Function and Respiratory SystemThe human clay has devil lungs located on either office of the federal agency. The lungs functions allow in passing oxygen from extracurricular the dust into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the sort of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & Klingelhofer, 1992). During each lead the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide ar formed that are rootled through animated.The lungs consist of several anatomical reference structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and breast. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, change magnitude in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a closely surgical procedure respiratory system all separate of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breather.Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, voice box and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditi unityrs adjusting the air temperature as it passes through otherwise structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to drop ou t before entering the lungs (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps preserve other unsuitable particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the bodys cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is boon in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isnt the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19).When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to t ake a full breath of air.In judgment of convictions of old doctors ascribed asthma to any iodine having punishingy breathing regard little of the cause during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors pay uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients.In patients with asthma, the aptitude of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is a great dealtimes diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for ramp uping asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs.Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in t he nose and sinuses isnt prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989 Guyton, 1991).During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air raise become trapped in the lungs. cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001).Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways institute smaller. In a patient with un look intoled asthma however, the locatings of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an bully attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reduction the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucous secre tion starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005).No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the time-honored are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with revenant acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease.Basis modern Treatments For Managing AsthmaThe National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop modern-day treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are ground on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and streak of chronic attacks. The goal of present-day(a) asthma deal out and treatment includes control of asthma and good quality of life for reedy patients (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of coeval care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to change patient awareness and pedagogy.Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available oblation non-specific advice regarding inhalator choice (Virchow , 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intimate airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24).Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable multi-dose presentation (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath pioneer and coordinated with spray-velocity modifiers to help patients unable to use conventional press and breathe pMDIs correctly (Newman, 1177). Modern or modern-day pMDIs according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well.Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require coeval treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic selection in severe asthma (1).Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient instruct ion combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients.Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute speck attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help conserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients action after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider a sententious course of oral steroids, a write asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours (Barnard, 533).Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for tre ating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested menage based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of asthma medication words services may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190).Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) find that individualized telephonic case management from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment class periods.The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Programs Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners sp ecific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other key conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a persons condition (CDC, 2005).Other contemporary diagnostic criteria subservient for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. non one treatment modality whole caboodle for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. subroutine of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma.Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices.Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition.Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks.The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual.New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to h elp improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts old age after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary.The currently body of literary productions available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for direction prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease.Pathology and Contemporary Treatment AlternativesAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most a t risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005 Hwang et. al, 2005 Yang, et. al, 1997 Wickman, et. al, 2003).Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of this disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition.Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below.Normal Lung Function and Respiratory SystemThe human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing.The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath.Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air temperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to drop out before entering the lungs (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the bodys cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. Whil e the larynx isnt the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19).When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air.In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disord er that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients.In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs.Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isnt prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989 Guyton, 1991).During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001).Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005).No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease.Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing AsthmaThe National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary a sthma care and treatment includes control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education.Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a fl ow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24).Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable multi-dose presentation (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with spray-velocity modifiers to help patients unable to use conventional press and breathe pMDIs correctly (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDIs according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well.Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administrat ion and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma (1).Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients.Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attac ks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours (Barnard, 533).Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of asthma medication delivery services may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190).Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) find that individualized telephonic case management fro m registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices.The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Programs Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the seve rity of a persons condition (CDC, 2005).Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma.Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta 2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices.Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition.Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of a sthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks.The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual.New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary.The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease.

Symbolism in the Red Convertible

October 1st, 2012 Symbolism in the inflammation Convertible In writing, authors use symbolism to relay a deeper meaning to what they actually write. This technique captures important elements and gives the reader an idea of the theme of the story without the author directly telling them. Louise Erdrich uses symbolism to help emphasize and declare the themes and message of her stories. The Red Convertible, by Erdrich, is a story about brotherly love as the highest value between two brothers, Lyman and Henry, and withal about the difficulties veterans of contend and their families face at post-war times.Symbolism plays a big power in this story, revealing the hardships Henry brings home from the battlefields of Vietnam, and to show Lymans difficulties with handling separation and distance from his brother. The story is told from Lyman Lamartines point of view as he recounts the relationship he had with his older brother, Henry. He says how they both bought a flushed Oldsmobile co nvertible on impulse and spark offled the coun judge with it. He recalled it as a very happy and gondolaefree time between the brothers. Then Henry went off to fight in the Vietnam contend and when he returned he was a very changed man.He was depressed and lost interest in everything, including the auto and his brother. When Lyman realizes the relationship between him and his brother will never be the same, he pull backs a hammer and beats the car up so it is in horrible condition. Henry sees the broken car and fixes it up. Once finished, the boys drive the car to a lake andHenry tries to give Lyman complete ownership of the car scarcely Lyman constantly refuses. The brothers enjoy a tiny moment of laughter and hopefulness and after expending a couple good minutes together, Henry tells Lyman that he needs to cool off, and he jumps into the river.Apathetically, Henry says that his boots have filled with water and he goes at a lower place in the current. Lyman tries to save h is brother but cant. Then he turns the car on and sends it into the river, watching it sink to its demise just like Henry. The reddened convertible could be seen as a symbol of attachment. The two brothers by the car on impulse, using all the money they had with them, and soon it becomes their source of fun, adventure, and relaxation. This car creates a strong bond between them. Both brothers owned the car and left a part of them attached to the car.Henry then goes off to war, and hands his keys to Lyman, but the car is abandoned just like the brothers relationship. The war has broken the attachment between the brothers. From this point, the boys try to give full ownership of the car to the other brother, realizing that uncomplete of the brothers can own the entire red convertible for himself, because they both have part of themselves sentimentally attached to it. When Henry drowns, Lyman is compelled to drive the car in the river, destroying the part of the car that was Henrys.Wi thout Henry, half of the car is symbolically missing and Lyman knows he cannot ever drive the car again because car was only driven when the boys were attached. The Oldsmobile could also be seen as a symbol of mating and the war-torn relationships of soldiers when they return home. When they bought the car, they did not need to discuss it because they understood each other without saying a word. They travel together, and this represents a normal, healthy brotherly relationship. When Henry returned a changed man, he was not interested in anything, including Lyman and the car.Lyman understood and caught on that his brother did not care for breeding anymore because the car was life to him before the war and now Henry doesnt care for it. When Lyman destroys the car in an attempt to get Henry interested, it is his motion of brotherly love and also a demonstration of the separation between them. The car portrays the destroyed relationship between Henry and Lyman. And in response, Henry repairs the car, place the last of his soul into the car. He remembers the condition the car and himself was in before the war and is concerned. Eventually Henry realizes he could not fix himself.This reflects the concerns that many soldiers had coming home regarding the futures of their relationships and how they feared it would just be another casualty of the war, which many were, including Henry and Lymans. He uses the fixed convertible to save his love for his brother. Later when Henry tells Lyman to take care of the car, both brothers understood that Henry was preparing for death. He could not leave the world with the car and his relationship with his brother broken, and fixes the car as his last guesswork to save both. When the car was finished and He and Lyman went on one more trip, he was ready to die.Lyman saw the car more as an instrument to try and return his brother to the way he used to be before the war. But once Henry drowns and dies, the car is useless to him. The re is symbolism in the short story that reflects Native American culture in the modern world. Lyman and Henry go on trips for months, travelling the country. These trips could represent the nomadic lifestyle of wee Native Americans. At the end of the story, before Henry drowns himself, he and Lyman share a moment of fun and laughter. Henry does a wild and crazy dance, and this could be reflected as a ritual or traditional dance of Native Americans.The color red is a big symbol in the story. The convertible is red and was specifically put in the title and story by Louise Erdrich. Red has a positive and negative meaning. Positively, red means strength and love. This reflects Henry and Lyman because their brotherhood bond was strong and powerful, and they loved each other. Red could also mean aggression and war. This obviously reflects the war that damaged the relationship between the brothers and ruined Henry, and also the anger the brothers had that the relationship and their lives were not the same and would never be the same again.The color red shows up more in the story, like in the reference when the two travels to the Blood Reservation and meet a girl named Susy. Blood is obviously red, and Susy represents a part of their lives that was happy and carefree, and would never be the same. She impacted the boys lives and the free-spirit they once had. The color red appears once more on the boys very last trip when they head east to Red Rock. This is where Henry accepts death and that his life will never be the same again and commits suicide. In literature,symbolismis used to give meaning to the writing beyond what is actually written on the page.The plot and actions that take place can be thought of as one level, while the symbolism is on another, deeper level to enhance the story. In her short story, The Red Convertible, Louise Erdrich uses symbolism to help the reader see the message and theme of the story. She takes the color red, the convertible, and othe r moments in the story and has cloak-and-dagger symbols and meanings in them that emphasize the theme of strong brotherhood between Lyman and Henry and the negative aftermath that war has on its soldiers relationships back home.

Draft a Definition: Family Essay

Our ever-changing environment has impacted everything that it has even resulted to people having their own definition of develops such as the word family. People now make their own definition of the said word based on their own personal and domestic experiences and circumstances. Gone are the hoar days of having one specific formal definition for the word family where it was also universally applied. The word family before was simply be as a neighborly unit consists of a male wage earner, a non-working wife, and kids (Lewin).It was considered as the simplest form of fond organization where each member occupies a position, like being a father or mother to ones barbarianren, husband or wife, the eldest or the youngest child. However, today there is more to the said definition. A family is defined as non only inclusive of the presence of a father or a mother with children but could also be any cardinal or more persons living together regardless of sex orientation and preference but have commitment with each other, share the same values, and take the same goals.This definition may not have a legal standing in our association but various social groups asserted for its acceptance. These social groups would like to liberate the definition of the word family to pave the way for societys acceptance as well as legal recognition peculiarly for those who are involved in homosexual partnership where a relationship anchored on a long and deep commitment between partners was already accomplished yet are not legally recognized. I still recognize family as a social unit but I hold a deeper meaning for it.For me a family is one that molds the character and personality of its member and in his contribution to the society. It is the building block of any society. The strength and durability of any society stems from the cohesiveness of this social unit called a family. As such I viewed family as the main link between the individual and the society. This is where the pe rson or the child first gains experiences in love, affection, kindness, sympathy, and the like. The child gets oriented into the culture of the group, its norms, goals and types of consensus and sanctions.Indeed, the family is that social unit which has a pervasive influence on the individuals behavior, even up to adulthood. It acts as the social laboratory which prepares the child for life in the bigger society, and that it is the family which is the first, the closest, and the most influential social group in the childs life. Also, a family being a social system makes each member, from the youngest to the oldest, regardless of other personal circumstances essential to the working of the said system.Further, a family is one that provides a child with a fertile ground to build a solid foundation of who he will become in the future. It prepares the child to the outside beingness and also to the next life cycle. A family is something that is always there for its member no matter what and no matter when. Indeed, a healthy family may not necessarily have a father or a mother or both but it can bring people out of themselves as they recognize others. They heal, bind, and foster intimacy.They bring the sense of belonging, of feeling worthwhile, and develop a sense of individuality. Members of the family realize their unique dignity. These virtues are often overlooked in families, or are considered secondary or only expressed to friends, when they truly are the foundation of a healthy, functioning family. Reference List Lewin, Tamara. Suit Over terminal Benefits Asks, What is a Family? Retrieved March 10, 2007 from http//www. cs. cmu. edu/afs/cs. cmu. edu/user/scotts/domestic-partners/family. html.

Selection, Hardware and Software Requirements of a PLC

Understand the selection, hardwargon and softw ar requirements of a PLC There are 3 types of PLC, unitary, modular and rack-mounted. A unitary PLC Is a stand al iodin unity, it has no room for expansion and works on Its own. They are useful for automating activities much(prenominal) as stress testing. For example the stress testing of a hoist, Instead of nonrecreational someone to manually control the hoists up and down movement leaving time In between each motion a PLC could be use Instead. It could be set up to perform a number of cycles of movement of the holst by the use of Ilmlt switches t the top and bottom of Its movement to detect when to transfer direction.The time to walt between movements fire be set so that the motor doesnt get strained. Other safety features could be conveyed, for example, a set of sensors could be installed most the hoist to stop its movement if some one comes too c stand to it. It would also be easier to set the parameters of the test and change them easily for testing a different hoist or piece of equipment. It would have to keep its functionality to a small scale as it cant be upgraded at all. A gargantuan mutation of inputs and outputs could be sed as most PLCs support analogue and digital.This would mean you could have temperature sensors in use on the analogue and through-beam sensors on digital. It is in all likelihood that this type of PLC would be mounted somewhere near the object it is controlling, most likely to a nearby wall. A modular PLC allows for other modules to be connected to it increasing its functionality such as position sensing, stepper and servo motion control and packaging and press controls. Where it whitethorn have only had the ability to handle a accepted amount of functions adding more increases this. The two or more connect ogether and act as if they still Just one.This would be useful for a connection that uses a greater amount automation than the above company, perhaps for a conveyor belt system that is wanted to be upgraded in the future and with modularity more modules could be added to allow for the extension of the conveyor belt and the new Inputs and outputs that are required. For example a bottling company may only just fill bottles but non label them, they could extend the conveyor to allow for them to print and attach labels to the bottles as well which would require a lot more sensors o detect the arrangement of the bottle and outputs for controlling the labelling machine.Individual parts of the PLC can also be swapped out such as the power supplies and CPU, Central Processing unit, handles the computer programmeming and Interpreted the Inputs/ outputs. A rack-mounted PLC is very similar to a modular PLC with the ablllty to upgrade and change different parts of it but they are on standardised cards that slot into standard more can be fit into a cabinet due to their design to fit closely with similar units. They are most likely to be used on large assemb ly tones with a wide range of equipment in use simultaneously.They can be upgraded to allow the line to run snap off with more memory and faster CPU to better work with the large amount of affairs happening. The racks with the PLCs in are likely to be kept either in the factory control room or their own individual room specifically for them. Cost is the most important aspect to selecting the right PLC and the lowest equal PLC is the unitary because it is as it is. It cant be modified in anyway they can get expensive though as the specifications increase.Next up is the modular PLC which can be quite large to allow it to be upgraded with more memory, faster CPU and greater power upply. The most expensive are the rack mounted PLCs. They are much smaller than the modular PLCs but still retain the ability to be upgraded allowing you to have more powerful PLCs in smaller space. A robotic develop inside a cell would need to perform the same task continuously and because of this a PLC c ould be used.Using a series of limit switches to control when the ramification moves there wouldnt be a problem because it would be able to stop before hitting any obstructions that may be in the way. For example a series of optical sensors would be able to detect when the item to be manufactured as entered the ell and is in the correct position for the weapon system which would allow the arm to pick it up and perform what it had been programmed to do. Be it to spray paint on it or to add something onto it, because those motions do not need to be dynamic a single program would be enough to manage it.The software requirements could be quite large depending on the complexity of the task and the robotic arm If there are a lot of joints on the arm that are controlled by motors then the program will need to control each one independently and add to the fact the movements required then it is quite complex set of instructions the arm requires because of this it will need a large amount of memory and a fast CPU to execute the commands quickly as it is likely that the manufacturing cell is required to get through a lot of items a day.This would most likely rule out the use of a unitary PLC because the terms would be too great for one with the required specifications. It is also likely that a large amount of robotic arms would be in use so a rack mounted system would be more space efficient, they do cost more than modular PLCs but keeping all the PLCs in cabinets near each other n a neat and organised manner can make it easier for any maintenance required on them. They would need to be near enough to a electronic computer to program them and update software when necessary.The computer could be in a completely different room as a ethernet cable is used to load the new software into them but having one nearby would make it easier for any quick alterations to the software needed in the likely that the operator would use a proprietary piece of software to program the PLC with, if they were from Siemens they would be programmed in Ladder Logic. A PLC would be very useful for this type of activity because it is repetitive, the same item would be having the same thing done to it.A PLC controlled arm doesnt need breaks, if set up properly, so it could take the place of a human and thus save money. A problem though is that the item that comes into the cell could have a defect on it that wouldnt be noticed by the sensors in use so whatever the arm does may be done to something that needs to be scrapped. That is something a human worker would have noticed and would have thus saved money by not doing anything to it.The main benefit of having a PLC control it is that the Job is done autonomously and would be more cost effective than employing a human to do it but you lose out on the fact the human can see what they are doing and ensure that the item entering the cell is correct and make sure he does his Job completely before sending it out, if it was sprayi ng they would be able to check the coat is even and well done by eye where you would not get that from a PLC.Stricter control further down the line would eliminate this though. Immediate costs would be expensive with a PLC solution, the obotic arms that are red to be controlled need to be bought, the PLCs need to be bought, mounted and wired, someone needs to write the software for them and then maintain their operation. That position would likely be a higher paid position than someone working on the assembly line.Those that do work on the assembly line do not have as high start up costs but the costs are continuous plus allowance for tools and equipment needed such as PPE. Which leads on to the potential cost each has. If a robotic arm breaks it could potentially lead to the whole line being stopped while it s repaired, some(prenominal) of which will cost time and money.If a worker was to not be wearing the required PPE or Just sustain an injury it could mean that the line has to stop although he would be quickly replaced to keep the line running. There is also a possibility that the person that was injured might file claims against the company that could lead to a large loss of money. The expansion of what the PLC controlled could be very costly as it would require new equipment and wiring which could mean that parts of take need to be shut down for it to be laid.

Gravimetric Analysis Essay

The purpose of experiment 1, also named Gravimetric Analysis, is to study the use of analytical chemistry. Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that involves find what matter is and how much of it exists. It is the science of separating, identifying, and determining the components that make up a compound and determining a specific amount of that compound. There are dickens types of analytical chemistry qualitative and quantitative. This experiment uses quantitative analysis to determine the amount of a substance, or several species, and measure it in numerical terms. more specifically, this experiment uses gravimetric analysis, a radiation pattern of quantitative analysis that uses an analytical balance, an instrument that yields accurate and precise data, to measure the masses of several substances. Experiment 1 involves the hardihood of a complex compound called atomic number 13 8-hydroxyquinilinate, also called Alq3. In raise for this precipitation to occur, an orga nic precipitating agent, 8-hydroxyquinilinate (abbreviated OxH) is used to react with atomic number 13 ions to form this complex compound.For this reaction to take place, OxH must be deprotonated, so that its anion, Ox-, will bond with the aluminum ions (the OxH molecule itself will not react with aluminum ions). As a result, the pH of the solution has a major effect on the precipitation in this experiment. If the pH is too low and there is an excess of heat content ions, then by Le Chateliers principle, the equilibrium will shift to the left, creating more OxH molecules.Ox- will no longer be available and a precipitation will not occur. If the pH is too high and there is an excess of hydroxide ions, the aluminum ions will react with the hydroxide ions. There will be no aluminum to react in the precipitation. If the pH is neutral, OxH is not very soluble and may cause it to set up out itself. So in order for this precipitation in this experiment to take place, it is vital that a buffer solution of ammonium acetate is used to control the pH of the solution.Also, the less aluminum ions in the solution, the more it will precipitate. In order to do this, an excess of OxH is added to shift the reaction towards the precipitate form. However, OxH has a limited solubility in water, so too much of an excess cannot be added. In order for the precipitate to work best in this experiment, we would have to allow it to digest. This lets use filter the precipitate completely. We do this by drying the precipitate in an oven and letting it age overnight.This promotes the formation of fewer, larger, and more pure particles of the precipitate. In the end, we are trying to find the concentration of aluminum in the solution (millimole of aluminum per mililiter of solution). We do this by converting the mass of the precipitate into moles and using mole-to-mole ratio and stoichiometry we find the moles of aluminum ions. We then divide this by the spate of the solution to find the molarity, or concentration, of the aluminum ions.

History of Electronic Dance Music Essay

Electronic Dance Music, also known as EDM (we at Poached Mag argon not exactly big fans of that acronym), has in recent years, taken over commercial music by storm. Big name producers such as David Guetta, Skrillex and Armin new wave Buuren excite dominated airplay, and current crowd-friendly artistes like Rihanna and Lady Gaga have incorporated electronic elements into their pop-till-you-drop chart-toppers.However, electronic dance music does not stop at whatever youve just bobbed your heads to on the radio it is a whole new realm of music that requires lots of technical know-how before even attempting to name yourself as a DJ, let alone a musician or an artist. Before one goes into all the nitty-gritty, which consists of instruments, software and production, a basic consensus must be met in terms of what constitutes EDM. What is Electronic Dance Music?Electronic Dance Music is music produced by equipment and played in a dance-based environment. It creates a contrastive kind o f body to music, unlike rock and metal bands of the 60s and 70s, which allow room for mistakes and improvisation when played live. The common denominator of dance music is primarily the turntables, in which the saucer Jockey (DJ) uses to combine tracks electronically into one smooth variety. Synthesizers and voice manipulation through softwares such as Logic Pro and Fruity Loops are astray used.Organic instruments such as the acoustic guitar can also constitute as part of the equation, and contemporary musicians bring in eccentric elements a violin, congo drums and et cetera to add that special feel to their music. Thats a lot to swallow, isnt it. The 1960s The Birth of Electronic Dance Music Some people word that the early usage of electronic instruments and electronic manipulation in music was in the 1960s, where the boom of funk and soul required the use of the bass guitar and a couple of synthesizers to get the groove going.What umpteen do not know is that electronic m usic is said to originate from the use of the Theremin, which allows the musician to create sounds by movement. The first commercial appearance of the Theremin can be seen in The Beach Boys Good Vibrations in 1966. With such tinkering around with electronic instruments, Melbourne physician Val Stephen became one of the pioneers to have a full electronic music album released internationally. During this period, many producers turned to electronic manipulation to solve certain technical problems such as birdsong range and sounds that could not be achieved with an organic instrument.The 1970s The Interest Continues Disco is one of the biggest writing styles of this decade, possibly the first wave of electronic music. Eurodance (most people refer to it as Eurotrash) is said to have emerged during this timeframe, together with familiar and tasteful genres such as funk, soul, smooth jazz and jazz-fusion. Another notable genre of this decade would be data-based music. In disco, the eme rgence of Disco Divas such as Gloria Gaynor and Donna Summer pioneered the wave of groovy, bass-heavy electronic music.The release of Saturday Night Fever with the once-suave John Travolta and music composed by the Bee Gees, also encouraged the boom of synthesized music. Many established rock musicians also incorporated the usage of synthesizers and modulation in their compositions to create a new genre cal guide Progressive Rock, forming another surge called the New Wave, which then carried on to the 80s. The 1980s The Experimental Era One such band who incorporated heavy synthesized sounds together with traditional rock music instruments was The Alan Parsons Project.Previously a sound engineer for The Beatles and subsequently Pink Floyd, Alan Parsons decided to display the technicality of electronic music through concept albums. One lauded track was Eye In The Sky. Electro, House and Techno also gained popularity in this decade, with German wunderkinds Kraftwerk playing a huge ro le in defining the template for electronic music, and samples from their works are still used to this day. House music was born in Chicago, influenced by funk and soul elements. Techno on the other hand, was said to originate from Detroit, where the Belleville Three decided to create something more organic and technical.In recent times, this genre has been popularized by the Germans. Synthpop took root during this era with the synthesizer becoming the dominant musical instrument for a change. Bands such as the Pet Shop Boys, A-ha , Depeche Mode and New Order made their mark in replacing the remnants of disco from the 70s. The 1990s The Craze for Computers With the rampant improvement in technology and lowering of its costs, many people were actually able to produce and mix their own electronic music. Down-tempo and Lounge became predominant in the 1990s, a challenge to the rowdy teen-pop that was dominating the airwaves.The European Electronic Music Boom (notably in the UK, German y and France) led to the opening of many superclubs such as Ministry of Sound, and outdoor raves were frequently held. The techno craze developed in Germany, namely Frankfurt and until most recently, Berlin. DJ culture became widespread, with artistes such as Paul van Dyk, Pete Tong, Ferry Corsten and ATB becoming household names. ravish also has its roots in the 1990s, and became the rave in the Netherlands, with Armin van Buuren at the helm. Goa Trance also emerged during this decade, and by the end of the millennium, Ibiza became the destination for partygoers.The 2000s The Recent Years Till today, many of the electronic music genres are still popular, for example, trance, house and lounge. With technological advancements, many other sub-genres of music then evolved Nu-disco bands like Miami Horror, The Phenomenal Handclap Band and Electropop bands are looking to becoming mainstays in this era. Another sub-genre that is slowly developing and being widely appreciated would be minimal techno, with Apparat and Nicolas Jaar on the front line of this sub-genre. Various fusions such as Trap (electronic hip-hop), with groups like Flosstradamus are also gaining popularity in clubs.The controversial dubstep phenomenon has also instilled a whole new different way of software manipulation into electronic music producers of this decade. With the 2000s not over yet, one can sound out that this is only the beginning of Electronic Dance Music as there are many other fusions and genres that have not even been created, much less(prenominal) discovered. As Ferry Corsten puts it succinctly, Trance is the classical music of the future. As for Electronic Dance Music, it sets the template for future musicians. Image Credits AP, doandroidsdance. com

Coffee Benefits Essay

Several studies comparing moderate coffee drinkers (about 2 cups a solar day) with light coffee drinkers (less than single cup a day) found that those who drank more coffee were significantly less likely to develop Alzheimers disease by and by in life. 23 edit Reduced hazard of gallstone disease Drinking caffeinated coffee has been correlated with a lower relative incidence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in both(prenominal) men4 and women5 in two studies performed by the Harvard School of Public Health. A lessened risk was not seen in those who drank decaffeinated coffee.edit Reduced risk of Parkinsons disease A study comparing heavy coffee drinkers (3. 5 cups a day) with non-drinkers found that the coffee drinkers were significantly less likely to contract Parkinsons Disease afterwards in life. 6. Likewise, a second study found an inverse relationship mingled with the amount of coffee regularly drunk and the likelihood of developing Parkinsons Disease. 7 edit Cognitiv e performance Many people drink coffee for its ability to increase short term recall and increase IQ8.Likewise, in tests of simple reception time, choice reaction time, incidental verbal memory, and visuospatial reasoning, participants who regularly drank coffee were found to perform better on all tests, with a positive relationship between test scores and the amount of coffee regularly drunk. Elderly participants were found to have the largest effect associated with regular coffee drinking. 9 Another study found that women everyplace the age of 80 performed significantly better on cognitive tests if they had regularly drunk coffee over their lifetimes.10 edit Analgesic enhancement Coffee contains caffeine, which increases the effectiveness of disorder killers, especially migraine and headache medications. 11 For this reason, many over-the-counter headache drugs include caffeine in their formula. edit Antidiabetic Coffee intake may reduce ones risk of diabetes mellitus quality 2 by up to half. magic spell this was originally noticed in patients who consumed high amounts (7 cups a day), the relationship was later shown to be linear. 12 edit Liver diseaseCoffee can also reduce the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver-colored13 and has been linked to a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer that usually arises in patients with preexisting cirrhosis. 14 The exact mechanism and the amount of coffee needed to achieve a beneficial effect are as yet unclear. 15 edit Cancer Coffee consumption is also correlated to a reduced risk of oral, esophageal, and pharyngeal cancer. 1617 In ovarian cancer, no benefit was found.18 In the Nurses Health Study, a modest reduction in breast cancer was observed in postmenopausal women only, which was not confirmed in decaffeinated coffee. 19 edit Cardioprotective Coffee reduces the incidence of heart disease, though whether this is simply because it rids the blood of excess lipids or because of its stimul ation effect is unknown. citation needed edit Laxative/diuretic Coffee is also a powerful stimulant for peristalsis and is sometimes considered to keep constipation it is also a diuretic.However, coffee can also cause loose bowel movements. Practitioners in alternative medicate often recommend coffee enemas for cleansing of the colon due to its stimulus of peristalsis, although mainstream medicine has not proved any benefits of the practice. edit Antioxidant Coffee contains the anticancer entangled methylpyridinium. This compound is not present in significant amounts in other food materials. Methylpyridinium is not present in raw coffee beans exclusively is formed during the roast process from trigonelline, which is common in raw coffee beans.It is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and even in instant coffee. 20 http//ezinearticles. com/? Coffee-and-Its-Antioxidants-Healthier-Than-You-May-Realize&id=1235899 Did you know that coffee is chock abounding of anti oxidants, an anticancer broker? If youve always thought coffee is bad for you, think again. Aside from keeping you alert and awake, coffee can also keep you little and fighting cancer. So, continue reading for answers to some frequently asked questions about coffee and its antioxidants. What are antioxidants?Antioxidants are any vitamin or nutrient that can help prevent cancer or damage to the heart and other tissues caused by free radicals. By neutralizing free radicals, they prevent cell degradation. Antioxidant rich foods include blueberries, raspberries, dates, chocolate and, of course, coffee. What type of antioxidants are in coffee? The antioxidants found in coffee are called polyphenols. More specifically, the compound is methylpridinium. The antioxidant isnt present in raw, green coffee beans, moreover is actually created during the roasting process.How much coffee is enough? Research has shown that people who drink one to two coffees a day have half the risk of developin g liver cancer when compared to people who didnt drink coffee. Meanwhile, drinking 4 to 6 cups of coffee can reduce your risk for type-2 diabetes by as much as 50 percent. However, despite the reduced risk for these diseases and other cancers, like oral, esophageal, and pharyngeal cancer, doctors dont recommend you start drinking 10 cups a day.Coffee is still a stimulant and a diuretic and if drunk in excess can cause heart problems, anxiety and possible dangerously elevated blood pressure. Can I get these antioxidants from other sources? The specific antioxidant compound of methylpridinium is only found in substantial amounts in coffee. While other food sources like cranberries, dates and other antioxidant-rich foods contain different types of antioxidants, coffee is the primary source for this particular compound. (For other sources of antioxidants try bananas, dry beans, blueberries, pomegranates, lychees and the other foods listed above.)A recent study also found that the vast majority of North Americans get most of their antioxidants from beverages and, in particular, coffee. The average adult takes in about 1300 milligrams per day through coffee and the next source is tea at a mere 294 milligrams per day. Again, while coffee is one of our highest sources of antioxidants a great cancer-fighting and prevention agent coffee drinkers should always practice moderation. A cup or two a day may keep a number of common diseases away, but too much coffee can also cause problems. So balance is always a necessity.

The effects of unemployment on the economy Essay

Economists call unemployment a lagging index finger of the economy, as the economy usually improves before the unemployment rate starts to rise again. However, unemployment causes a sort of ripple nucleus across the economy. The two key problems resulting from unemployment, especially the unemployment of labor, are personalized hardships and illogical employment. The owners of the fired resources suffer personal hardships due to the lack of income. The rest of society also suffers from unemployment due to the lack of available production. Unemployment creates personal hardships for the owners of the unemployed resources. When resources do not produce goods, their owners do not ready income. The loss of income results in less use of goods and services and a lower living standard. While this problem applies to any resource, it is most important for labor. The owners of capital, land, and entrepreneurship often earn income from more than one resource. Thus a loss of income from one resource is not a broad(a) loss of income. Many workers, however, often earn income only from labor. The loss of income from labor might mean a total loss of income. Unemployment also causes total production in the economy to decline. If fewer resources are prosecute in production, fewer goods and services are produced. As suggested by the circular flow model, the severity of the tie-up between lost production and unemployment is magnified by the multiplier effect. An initial decline in the income, consumption, and production associated with unemployment triggers further declines in income, consumption, and production. As such, members of society, who might escape the direct immediate personal hardships of unemployment, often give in to the indirect, multiplicative problems of lost production. Number-crunching economists have estimated that for each 1 percent rise in the unemployment rate, that gross national product declines by 3 percent. Lost production is especially trou blesome because it is an opportunity that is lost forever. This lost production delays societys efforts to increase living standards and address the problem of scarcity. That is, when an unemployed worker does not produce output today, that output can never be recouped. If a worker is unemployed on Monday, Mondays production is lost forever.

Machiavelli: Fear

According to Nicolo Machiavelli, upkeep should play a very signifi good dealt role when it comes to the gentleman of politics because it is the central driving vehicle to success as well as power, control, and reliability it is because of fearfulness that societies agree to honourableice and security. He believed that fear was an essential aspect to politics because of its relation to love, control, and curse. When taking in Machiavellis perceptions of both the concepts of fear and love, it is clear that fear takes precedence over love in his opinion.This is shown in his book, The Prince, when he wrote since love and fear can hardly exist unitedly, if we must choose between them, it is out-of-the-way(prenominal) safer to be feared than loved (The Prince, 1994). Essentially Machiavelli is stating that although it is desired by many to be both feared and loved, it is very laborious to be both feared and loved by everyone, and that fear is more reliable since one of them must be lacking in some aspect (The Prince, 1994).In addition, Machiavelli argued that a Prince himself should non show fear, since it would weaken his visual aspect and/or his reputation which, according to Machiavelli, should be carefully monitored (The Prince, 1994). Machiavelli as well argued that fear keeps the people of a orderliness in line it preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails (The Prince, 1994). Furthermore, Machiavelli believed fear to be an instrument that can provide a prince with great power because of its reliability and stability. In addition, Machiavelli argued that a someone should only trust the things that he or she can control.That be said, a person cannot be agonistic or commanded to love another person. Therefore, a ruler should only rely on things he or she can control. This is because fear is a necessary means to being respected as a take awayer, and it is the function of a leader to have control over his or her society fear leads to o bedience, a hear aspect to having control over a society (The Prince, 1994). Furthermore, one thing a ruler (prince) can have control over is fear. This is because the people in a society are afraid of punishment and they are intimidated by the ruler, so they act in accordance with the rulers laws.Furthermore, fear is a necessary and a key aspect to being successful and powerful in the policy-making sphere. Machiavelli was not someone who was interested in what was morally correct, still rather what was politically beneficial. That being said, just because Machiavelli argued that a Prince should be feared by society, he is not arguing that he should also be despised by his society. This is shown in The Prince when he wrote Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred (The Prince, 1994).This quotation is significant because it shows that Machiavelli viewed the concept of hatred as a very bad thing he saw hatred as the e nd. That being said, in his view, it is important if a ruler is not loved by the people that they are also not hated by the people. Furthermore, through the eyes of Machiavelli, a ruler (prince) should be feared by the people, but never hated by the people (The Prince, 1994). In the mind of Machiavelli, fear is an important element of politics, not just for its own sake, but for many other reasons.Fear is an emotion of reliability, as well as an instrument for control over a society. Fear is necessary for the sake of the greater good of a society. Furthermore, fear ought to be used appropriately and it is not to be taken lightly, as it should not lead to hatred. In conclusion, Machiavelli viewed fear to be a means to effective leadership he argued that it pushes people together and it results in security and stability of society (The Prince, 1994). Fear is a way to maintain power and situation over society, and thus it should play an important role in politics according to Machiave lli.

Media

In this book, we examine the hi explanation and condescension of the great unwashed media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our goal and our democracy. A. censorious process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. squ altogether key Ideas Including discourse, finale, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history the oral, W booten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. go out the development of a mass strong suit from emergence to convergence. Lb. go finished with(predicate) and through well-nigh how convergence has changed our relation institutionalize to media v. tonicity at the central role of storytelling in media and coating. . Discuss ii models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a correspond. Evil. steer important ethnic values in both the late and postmodernist societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stagecoachs of the amateural process descrip tion, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of creative side that bowl over pleasure and set standards somewhat what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which muckle live and represent themselves at fussy historical time.Communication the creation and utilization of goods and services of symbol systems that pose discipline and heart and soul (e. G. Languages, more code, work pictures, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-zero binary com clotheer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of hunting lodge through products or other meaning hold back forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shargon and oppose values and the mass media jockstrap circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to close to degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the cultur e industries-the carry f communication-that fuck off and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, tonicspaper, movies, word-painting games, internet services, and other pagan products to great numbers of bulk. Mass communication the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to too hulking and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of intentness and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or coun interpret-bred populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as vary combinations of binary number- is and zeroes) that are because reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, range, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a tele shout out voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) tran smit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, tuner, picture, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, door guard function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions about what messages genuinely frig around produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, forebode calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure people typically search messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that fix occurred everyplace the past decade, and are still occurring, in media substance and indoors media companies. mass medium an intervening substance through which some involvement is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. product stage I. Older media are reconfigured in dissimilar forms on newer media. carrefour a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that occupy occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and at bottom media companies. A.The first comment of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across una bid media channels. B. cosset platform describes a stemma model that involves consolida ting discordant media holdings, such as cable connections, ph unmatchable services, tv set transmissions, and internet access, under iodine corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put reddents in context, assisting us to break away understand both nonchalant lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture smashing taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with picturesque art, which is purchasable primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. embarrassed culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial quarrel circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent sue films.MediaThe 1920s in America was a time of unprecedented growth and cultural expansion, up to that time, than perpetually before. America had interpose back from Europe victorious in the Great War and the great cities like Chicago and unfermented York, along with the rest of the acres, was now a creditor nation. This growth helped to spark the second industrial revolution in which consumerism helped to drive the needs and wants of its people. More and more inventions which the modern American takes for granted started to gourmandize into the culture at this time. This increase in consumerism was spurred on by the gains which technology helped to make possible.The 1920s was a genuinely important year for the media in this agricultural and which served as non lone(prenominal) one of the around interesting but important decades for this medium of American culture. Television was invented in this decade but would non be introduced on a national level until the 1939 World Fair and that was only a demonstration. nation got their news thro ugh the newsreels at the movies, wireless, for the few people that had hence but intimatelyly through newspapers.The last mentioned was the most important and influential medium for Americans to receive their news. In new-made York urban center, there were seventeen daily newspapers with some turning out more than one edition a day. Eventually, the influence of the radio and television would come onto the national scene and usurp the influence that those mediums had on the 1920s but with most mediums which have such an important and resounding influence on the nation and its culture, it had to have a beginning and for radio and motion pictures which portrayed the news, the 1920s contributed a great deal to the formation and growth of these.The 1920s was one of the most important years for popular culture in this countrys history. Some would say that the terms pop culture and important being used in the same sentence would be an oxymoron and usually, I would not be in total dis agreement with them. However, the 1920s ushered in a greater understanding of the country which was on the move and sought a high standard of living then ever before. This newer sense of worldly capitalism came from technology and much of that was within the media.The 1930s and the 1940s would occult the 1920s in its dependence upon the radio. However, its importance at this time cannot be overlooked. In moving the consumerism that would help to define the decade, the radio was able to reach the masses in a way that was unthinkable clean a decade before. star example was a simple advertisement in New York City for apartments in one of its Burroughs. This star thirty second advertisement spot created a rush of phone calls to the realtor in charge of the properties that the master(prenominal) phone server was shut down. Over $150,000 of apartments were bought in a single day and to adjust for inflation that number would be just short of $2 million.1It has been proven that people respond more to what they hear and see than what they hear. This is why most people today read real little compared to what their parents or grandparents did in their youth. Seeing the news was simply more entertaining and enticing for the legal age of people. The radio exploited that truth and as a result, became the central item in a soulfulnesss house as well as in their life as a main extraction for their news. The first presidential election was broadcasted over Pittsburghs KDKA in 1920.2 People, for the first time, could hear in almost real time, the debates and election results as they first came over the wire.This helped to spur an interest in administration and world events which before, people could successfully avoid had they not felt interested in what was occurring outside of their agile sphere of influence. The radio helped to create a global society for Americans who would never, could never travel to the various places which radio brought to their living rooms. 3 This served as its major(ip) appeal.The radio also served as free advertisements for the major sports of the day. It was first protested by the baseball owners who felt that radio was stealing their product and those who could listen on the radio, would be less compelled to come to the park. This seems like common sense, but in reality, the exact opposite happened. Being reminded of the ballgame and in perceive to the daily actions of their favorite team, spurred a heightened interest which could only be quelled by visiting the ballpark for oneself.As a partial result, along with the heroics of Babe Ruth and other famous athletes, the sports enjoyed a luxurious era in sports. Jack Dempsey vs. Gene Tunney in boxing, the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame in Football, horse belt along and the further cementing of baseball as the nations past time, all occurred in the 1920s because of the advances in technology especially in the media.4Another form of the media which came to take hold i n the 1920s was the newsreels. The inventor of television is still under dispute but what is not under dispute is that even though the majority of advancements in television occurred in the 1920s, television was non existent in American homes. The closest thing to come to television was the newsreels which occurred before, in between and after the movies at the local cinema. Each one was only a few minutes in length and before 1927, were all without sound. A newsreel in the 1920s would bring scenes of the New York Yankees winning another championship or Notre Dame running to another triumphant season.It would also bring the events of the world and Presidents Harding and Coolidge. The death of President Wilson and the beginning of the slow death which would be the confederacy of Nations would be shown to audiences. The Teapot Dome scandal helped to infuriate a nation over the corruption of their government as well as Charles Lindbergh flight from New York to Paris in 1927.5 People could actually see Lindbergh deviation New York and arriving in Paris instead of just reading it.This produced a highly electric musical note a feeling which made Lindbergh the most famous non athlete of the 1920s in America. In Chicago, the Loeb and Leopold strip would have been broadcasted to a shocked Chicago as well as the rest of the nation. Two actually smart and over privileged boys sought to commit the prefect crime by killing a xiv year old boy who was picked at random. That case and the 1925 Scopes Trial in Tennessee which put evolution on trial were two events in the judicial system which would command the attention of the American public in ways that the newspaper never could.The most important form of the media was the newspaper during the 1920s. The newspaper served as an affordable form of news and which served as the rough draft of history. Despite many newspapers being heavily influenced by one political party over another, historians look to newspapers and o ther primary written sources more than the various elements of popular culture when trying to interpret an era in our nations history. Two of the most important newspapers of that time were the New York Times and Chicago Tribune.In the eighty years since the 1920s, the subscription of the Chicago Tribune has actually decreased from 920,000 to a little more than 620,000 in 2006.6 This truth, despite the fact that there are slightly 180 million more Americans in the country and Chicago land, which currently totals more than 5.5 million people, helps to formulate the rapid decline in the power and influence which newspapers had from then until now.7 Also, most of the major newspapers had more than one edition per day. The Chicago Tribune would have a morning edition and then a later afternoon edition that same day with a comparable circulation.The price of the newspaper at that time was 2 cents in the city and up to 3 cents in the suburbs. Therefore, it was a cheap form of receivin g the news and one which was readily available throughout the city and suburbs. The newspaper would be divided into sections World and Sports with other sections invert into those sections. The events of the world and important political actions would be seen on the front of the page with editorials towards the end of the World section. recess scores and In the Wake of the News would help its readers to follow the actions of their favorite team. Local sports were also very important as was seen when 109,000 people showed up at Soldiers Field in Chicago to watch the citys high school championship football game.Another important aspect of the newspaper was the advertisements within its pages. The largest section would be reserved for the Saturday and Sunday papers. Despite its crude pictures compared to todays standards, seeing a model wearing the largest fashions were even more influential than the fashion magazines of its day. This helped to promote the consumerism that was so eas ily acknowledgeable with the 1920s. People need to be reminded of what will make their lives better, regardless of how little that item is actually needed.This was the frolic of the major clothing companies and department stores of the day and they looked to the newspapers as the number one form of advertisement for their business. One store owner stated The secret is not how to supply the goods but how to supply the customers by making them want what we have to sell. This is one of the most daunting problems which face advertisers How to create demand for the products which a producer has to sell and which usually is not essential for the customer to have.By creating an illusion in the customers mind which tells him or her that such an item is essential to their continued happiness the store that can do that, will never have to worry about producing the customers and with the mass production of their products through the modern inventions of various machines, producing the goods was neither a problem as well. At that time, they were the most important form of advertisement for the major companies in America and the store owners who took advantage of this influential medium, enjoyed high returns on their investments.The media is important in this country, not just to tell us what our nations movie starts up to but they serve as the first draft of history. Historians, when attempting to fully appreciate the era which they study, refer to scholarly sources but it is the primary source which is usually seen as the Holy Grail. The media in all of its various forms helps the historian as well as the interested in knowing what the society at that time felt was important and was of an interest to the country at that time. The use of the radio, newsreels and newspaper all served that purpose and help to give future generations a approximate look at what motivated the country as a whole and how the media helped to motivate the shape the country as well.The stuffy of the media, in all of its forms and in the years since Thomas Paines Common sense experience in 1776 sought to convince the rest of the colonists that the choice before them was as simple yet difficult as liberty or death. In much of the same way, though not ever so as dramatic, the mass production of sounds, words, images and ideas, which are spread across the country and even the world it has been the media, although not always unsophisticated, which has helped to bring America into the data age. As the radio and newsreels were to this generation, the Internet is to Americans of this era. Despite its major differences, they both have a lot alike and show that the more things change, the more they really do stay the same. The manner of transporting information might have improved but it still affects the way people think, feel and even vote.WORKS CITEDBurns, Ric The accounting of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999Paine, Thomas Common Sense New York WW Norton 19 48Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987Front page of the Chicago Tribune October 10, 1925Front Page of the New York Times June 15, 1927Top 10 American Newspapers http//www.newspapers.com/top10.html Downloaded July 10, 2007 1 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999 2 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999 3 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 18 4 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 22 5 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 19996 http//www.newspapers.com/top10.html 7 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 28MediaNews media plays an important role in by providing information to the public about matters affecting their lives and the society in which they live. The news media also plays an important role in identifying nonmarket issues and stimulating action that affects their progress. The news media finds business of interest, and with stories instantly transmitted worldwide by the broadcast media and the Internet, a firms actions are in the eye of the media and under the scrutiny of interest groups, activists, and government. A fortune 500 phoner can have a great year according to their annual report, and then get hit by a series of blasts from the media about their labor practices, causing sales to plummet . Many companies terror media coverage of their nonmarket issues and have had to develop a capability for interacting with the media.The essential role the news media plays in a democracy is accompanied by a responsibility to provide information in an accurate and unbiased manner so that individuals can formulate their own conclusions about issues. News organizations face incentives, including those provided by profits, and pressures from contestation among news organizations. Similarly, journalists face incentives associated with career and professional advancement. These incentives and pressures complicate the fulfillment of that responsibility. The news media itself is a diverse entreaty of organizations, including television, radio, internet services, blogs, newspapers, magazines, and journals, and each faces its own set of challenges.Management and journalists are different in their perspective on what constitutes who, what where and why of a story. Media companies are motivated by profit so management is concerned with the story that makes the most profit. On the other hand, And journalist are guided by professional standards and their conduct is governed by editorial defy when choosing and reporting their subject matter. So whatever journalists have career interest. Editorial control govern their conduct.In the 21st century large media companies like Time Warner Cable, ABC, NBC and CBS, etc., control the me dia. Its all ratings and profitability. The higher their ratings, the better the profit for the large media companies.MediaIn this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the minute process desc ription, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV sho ws, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass communication the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particu lar problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and out lets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to better understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films.MediaIn this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communic ation. N. Investigating important periods In communication history the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the critical process description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass communication the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accom panied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective expo sure people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media . Convergence a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to better understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, wh ich is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films.